@inbook {papacharissi_virtual_????,
	title = {The Virtual Public Sphere 2.0: The Internet, the Public Sphere, and Beyond},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Internet Politics},
	year = {Submitted},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@booklet {_where_????,
	title = {Where is Raed?},
	year = {Submitted},
	keywords = {blogosphere, Iraq},
	url = {http://dear_raed.blogspot.com/}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 01 / Introduction},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 02 / Community},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 03 / Nationalism (i)},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {<p>First lecture on Benedict Anderson{\textquoteright}s <em>Imagined Communities</em>.</p>
},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 04 / Nationalism (ii)},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {<p>The second lecture on Benedict Anderson{\textquoteright}s <em>Imagined Communities</em>. Covers concept of "transductive mediation."</p>
},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 05 / The Public Sphere},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {<p>We discuss the idea of the public sphere developed by Habermas and critiqued by Fraser in teh context of the Internet. The public sphere concept is closely related to the imagined community of Anderson and Tonnies{\textquoteright} concept of <em>gesellschaft</em>.</p>
},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 06 / Digital Assignment 1},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 07 / Information},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 08 / The Network},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 09 / Messages},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 10 / The WELL},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 11 / Hypertext},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 12 / Open Source},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 13 / Laws of the Web},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 14 / The Zapatista Rebellion},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 15 / The Middle Eastern Public Sphere},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 16 / Digital Assignment 2},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 17 / Eritreans Online},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 18 / Tamilnet},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 19 / Weblogistan},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 20 / Salam Pax},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 21 / YouTube},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 22 / The Datasphere},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {146,
	title = {ANTH 2660 S15 Lecture 23 / The Datasphere (ii)},
	year = {2015},
	author = {Rafael Alvarado}
}
@article {tufekci_big_2014,
	title = {Big Questions for Social Media Big Data: Representativeness, Validity and Other Methodological Pitfalls},
	journal = {{arXiv}:1403.7400 [physics]},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {Large-scale databases of human activity in social media have captured scientific and policy attention, producing a flood of research and discussion. This paper considers methodological and conceptual challenges for this emergent field, with special attention to the validity and representativeness of social media big data analyses. Persistent issues include the over-emphasis of a single platform, Twitter, sampling biases arising from selection by hashtags, and vague and unrepresentative sampling frames. The socio-cultural complexity of user behavior aimed at algorithmic invisibility (such as subtweeting, mock-retweeting, use of "screen captures" for text, etc.) further complicate interpretation of big data social media. Other challenges include accounting for field effects, i.e. broadly consequential events that do not diffuse only through the network under study but affect the whole society. The application of network methods from other fields to the study of human social activity may not always be appropriate. The paper concludes with a call to action on practical steps to improve our analytic capacity in this promising, rapidly-growing field.},
	keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Physics - Physics and Society},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.7400},
	author = {Tufekci, Zeynep}
}
@article {bratich_adventures_2013,
	title = {Adventures in the Public Secret Sphere: Police Sovereign Networks and Communications Warfare},
	journal = {Cultural Studies <-> Critical Methodologies},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1532708613507883},
	abstract = {What are the contours of the contemporary public secret sphere? Some key manifestations can be found in the hybrids of network and sovereign power shaped by communications warfare. This article examines recent entanglements of social media and political dissent, specifically those sovereign networks designed to foment and prevent youth-oriented social movements. Using a number of recent examples (including the U.S. State Department organized Alliance of Youth Movements, the 2011 uprisings in Egypt, Kony 2012, U.S. police research conferences, and Anonymous), it argues that we are witnessing a convergence of sovereign and network powers, one that expresses new modes of control while setting the conditions for new forms of evaluation and antagonism. Finally, the article asks, how do we distinguish among these hybrids, between public secrecy and popular secrecy, among entangled secret networks?},
	issn = {1532-7086, 1552-356X},
	doi = {10.1177/1532708613507883},
	url = {http://csc.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/10/20/1532708613507883},
	author = {Bratich, Jack Z.}
}
@article {bernal_civil_2013,
	title = {Civil Society and Cyberspace: Reflections on Dehai, Asmarino, and Awate},
	journal = {Africa Today},
	volume = {60},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {21{\textendash}36},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africatoday.60.2.21},
	author = {Bernal, Victoria}
}
@article {bernal_diaspora_2013,
	title = {Diaspora, Digital Media, and Death Counts: Eritreans and the Politics of Memorialisation},
	journal = {African Studies},
	volume = {72},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {246{\textendash}264},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020184.2013.812875},
	author = {Bernal, Victoria}
}
@article {meraz_networked_2013,
	title = {Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on \#Egypt},
	journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
	year = {2013},
	month = {jan},
	abstract = {Using prior seminal work that places emphasis on news framing and its relevance to sociocultural context, this study describes, maps, and explains evolving patterns of communication on Twitter through the events of the 2011 Egyptian uprisings, which led to the resignation of President Mubarak. Using a multimethodological approach, we conducted a network, content, and discourse analysis of randomly sampled tweets from approximately one million tweets over a month-long time period to study broadcasting and listening practices on Twitter. The findings suggested networked framing and gatekeeping practices that became activated as prominent actors and frames were crowdsourced to prominence. Quantitative findings underscored the significant role of ordinary users who both rose to prominence and elevated others to elite status through networked gatekeeping actions. In depth, discourse analysis of prominent actors and frames highlighted the fluid, iterative processes inherent in networked framing as frames were persistently revised, rearticulated, and redispersed by both crowd and elite. The ambience and affect afforded by the platform further supported conversational practices that enabled combined processes of networked framing and gatekeeping. The findings point to new directions for hybrid and fluid journalisms that rely on subjective pluralism, cocreation, and collaborative curation.},
	keywords = {arab spring, discourse analysis, Twitter},
	issn = {1940-1612, 1940-1620},
	doi = {10.1177/1940161212474472},
	url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/27/1940161212474472},
	author = {Meraz, Sharon and Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@booklet {tufekci_networked_2013,
	title = {Networked Politics from Tahrir to Taksim: Is There a Social Media-fueled Protest Style?},
	journal = {{DMLcentral}},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Protesters from one of the world{\textquoteright}s richest countries, one of the world{\textquoteright}s oldest autocracies, and one of the world{\textquoteright}s rising developing countries walk into ... a public space, use Twitter extensively, and capture global attention to their movement and their hashtag.},
	month = {jun},
	type = {Collaborative Blog},
	abstract = {Protesters from one of the world{\textquoteright}s richest countries, one of the world{\textquoteright}s oldest autocracies, and one of the world{\textquoteright}s rising developing countries walk into ... a public space, use Twitter extensively, and capture global attention to their movement and their hashtag.},
	keywords = {civic engagement, democracy, digital activism, participatory politics, social media},
	url = {http://dmlcentral.net/blog/zeynep-tufekci/networked-politics-tahrir-taksim-there-social-media-fueled-protest-style},
	author = {Tufekci, Zeynep}
}
@article {anderson_online_2013,
	title = {Online and Offline Continuities, Community and Agency on the Internet},
	journal = {Online Journal of the Virtual Middle East},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {How the Internet spawns community and gets its features into offline life is a recurring problem met in searches for {\textquotedblleft}impacts{\textquotedblright} of its successive iterations in the Middle East and arises particularly in assessing equivocal findings most recently about social media in the Arab Spring uprisings. But the problem is more methodological than ontological: it lies in viewing the Internet through a media lens on communication as message-passing and {\textquotedblleft}influence{\textquotedblright} as the outcome to be identified. The Internet and its current embodiment for new users as social media have a richer {\textendash} and, I argue, normal {\textendash} sociology in a more extended habitus explored here through comparison of longer-term, intermediate-term, and immediate processes highlighted by recent research that give better pictures of the Internet as networking and as cultural performance, and of appropriate methodologies that will retrieve their features.},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=8355},
	author = {Anderson, Jon W.}
}
@article {bernal_please_2013,
	title = {Please forget democracy and justice: Eritrean politics and the powers of humor},
	journal = {American Ethnologist},
	volume = {40},
	number = {2},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {300{\textendash}309},
	abstract = {Parody possesses a kind of power that realist critique sometimes lacks. I explore why humor is sometimes used as a medium for addressing tragic circumstances and why parody in particular may be especially suited to communicating about dictatorship. The research presented here draws on a long-term project on Eritrean politics and on websites devoted to Eritrean politics created by Eritreans in diaspora. The core of the analysis dissects an online political parody of conditions under the regime of President Isaias Afewerki. So much of what is known and written about Eritrean history and current realities, whether by scholars, journalists, international organizations, or Eritreans online, is earnest, serious, and even heartbreaking. The uses of humor in this context seem to call for an explanation, and the analysis presented here sheds light on the mechanisms through which humor accomplishes important political work and fosters the development of new subjectivities.},
	keywords = {dictatorship, Eritrea, humor, media, parody, politics, public sphere},
	issn = {1548-1425},
	doi = {10.1111/amet.12022},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/amet.12022/abstract},
	author = {Bernal, Victoria}
}
@book {emden_beyond_2012,
	title = {Beyond Habermas: Democracy, Knowledge, and the Public Sphere},
	year = {2012},
	month = {jan},
	publisher = {Berghahn Books},
	organization = {Berghahn Books},
	abstract = {During the 1960s the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas introduced the notion of a {\textquotedblleft}bourgeois public sphere{\textquotedblright} in order to describe the symbolic arena of political life and conversation that originated with the cultural institutions of the early eighteenth-century; since then the {\textquotedblleft}public sphere{\textquotedblright} itself has become perhaps one of the most debated concepts at the very heart of modernity. For Habermas, the tension between the administrative power of the state, with its understanding of sovereignty, and the emerging institutions of the bourgeoisie {\textemdash} coffee houses, periodicals, encyclopedias, literary culture, etc. {\textemdash} was seen as being mediated by the public sphere, making it a symbolic site of public reasoning. This volume examines whether the {\textquotedblleft}public sphere{\textquotedblright} remains a central explanatory model in the social sciences, political theory, and the humanities.},
	keywords = {History / General, Political Science / Political Ideologies / Democracy},
	isbn = {9780857457219},
	author = {Emden, Christian and Midgley, David R.}
}
@article {144,
	title = {The Mother of All Demos},
	year = {2012},
	note = {<p>The video captures an event that took place on 9 December 1968. It is described in some detial on this site:</p>
<ul>
	<li>http://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/1968Demo.html</li>
</ul>
},
	month = {07/2012},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<div>
<p>"The Mother of All Demos is a name given retrospectively to Douglas Engelbart{\textquoteright}s December 9, 1968, demonstration of experimental computer technologies that are now commonplace. The live demonstration featured the introduction of the computer mouse, video conferencing, teleconferencing, hypertext, word processing, hypermedia, object addressing and dynamic file linking, bootstrapping, and a collaborative real-time editor." (YouTube)</p>
</div>
},
	url = {http://youtu.be/yJDv-zdhzMY},
	author = {Douglas Engelbart}
}
@article {141,
	title = {Shift Happens 2012},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<div>Did You Know? originally started out as a PowerPoint presentation for a faculty meeting in August 2006 at Arapahoe High School in Centennial, Colorado, United States. The presentation "went viral" on the Web in February 2007 and, as of June 2007, had been seen by at least 5 million online viewers. Today the old and new versions of the online presentation have been seen by at least 20 million people, not including the countless others who have seen it at conferences, workshops, training institutes, and other venues.<br />
<br />
The web site\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://shifthappens.wikispaces.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://shifthappens.wikispaces.com/">http://shifthappens.wikispaces.com/</a>\&nbsp;tells more about how this simple little presentation spread worldwide (which certainly was not the original intent) and provides complete credits for this and its predecessor versions. As you will see, there was lots of feedback, both positive and negative, about the presentation. When XPLANE offered to help with the redesign, they gratefully accepted its offer to make a "new and improved" version in order to try and help continue the conversation (and to ask more from viewers).<br />
<br />
This version, updated to early 2012, was created by David S. Rose (@davidsrose) for use in the Finance, Entrepreneurship and Economics program at Singularity University (singularityu.org). All of the contributors to this presentation believe that it is only through conversation, and subsequent action, that we will achieve the best possible education for our children. You are encouraged to download and share this video, and help keep it current by contributing updated versions to the ShiftHappens Wiki.<br />
<br />
"Did You Know?/Shift Happens" is licensed by David S. Rose, Karl Fisch, Scott McLeod, and XPLANE under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike license. You are free to copy, distribute, remix and transmit the presentation as long as you give proper attribution to the original creators and share the resulting work under the same license. You may not use Did You Know? for commercial purposes without permission from the creators. (Note that the audio track for this presentation is subject to copyright and may need to be licensed separately.)</div>
<div>
<ul>
	<li>
	<h4>Music:\&nbsp;"Right Here, Right Now" by Fatboy Slim (<a class="yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=q4q0VOvmA5Da-AXL_ICABQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/cthru?key=h6x3VpPj2xc9QPoTKuRKjaNg5tzlnZ5HLl7kInyoQACJwfTNkIeaC944sRbb4GWg9-PnYKxTE6A-m6qb1OC03hTaYy883UhTKeQvXlkieH9yA1kAnM8umRK3arODxmBvYD3QJhXG1tBcbhnfz-c3uspHjuHCBp1TwE0bgLbyOO2ysz5f3hQ6Ero7FkVX9pcNm5lSU7vOYNTFTdP3_chAVQ/%3D/%3D/&amp;c2b=googlemusic/&amp;v=XVQ1ULfQawk">Google Play</a>\&nbsp;{\textbullet}\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=q4q0VOvmA5Da-AXL_ICABQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/cthru?key=6LXpu8h12xXFgrX0qBAwjpXWGKmOM80uHJ-fri2Zu7bUrVUKblonQ505VojLbWGSN-RBmA35iPA6RSsqI7RbsmSRyAdoN3zbBUoY52Qs9ua7YJohf6sZIc786TxsBGcc/&amp;c2b=amazonmp3/&amp;v=XVQ1ULfQawk">AmazonMP3</a>\&nbsp;{\textbullet}\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-sessionlink" data-sessionlink="ei=q4q0VOvmA5Da-AXL_ICABQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/cthru?key=AfUm_3_MLm5TRK1cNPOaBCcZ-ccVmNhcXL63KKcUaZiOQxL2_irMluY7z-BmCReyTRwJwVmvRiUr8ZVcZTyW8pA5H0emTkfb36PTugJJjAX98K96r4wKqWspQPrN7LSwjWfeEJiZDyBxIJ51APuWksUNhNjR5AXK2_b9dy3FDJx_AhJJ6eu2Jg/%3D/%3D/&amp;c2b=itunes/&amp;v=XVQ1ULfQawk">iTunes</a>)</h4>
	</li>
	<li>
	<h4>Artist:\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-sessionlink     spf-link  g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=q4q0VOvmA5Da-AXL_ICABQ" data-ytid="UCNekatqy_ys1SX8NfjpwixA" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNekatqy_ys1SX8NfjpwixA">Norman Cook</a></h4>
	</li>
	<li>
	<h4><a class="yt-uix-sessionlink     spf-link  g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=q4q0VOvmA5Da-AXL_ICABQ" data-ytid="UCNekatqy_ys1SX8NfjpwixA" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNekatqy_ys1SX8NfjpwixA">Category</a>:\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-sessionlink     spf-link  g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=q4q0VOvmA5Da-AXL_ICABQ" data-ytid="UCiDF_uaU1V00dAc8ddKvNxA" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiDF_uaU1V00dAc8ddKvNxA">Science \& Technology</a></h4>
	</li>
	<li>
	<h4>License:\&nbsp;Standard YouTube License</h4>
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
},
	url = {http://youtu.be/XVQ1ULfQawk},
	author = {Norman Cook}
}
@article {papacharissi_without_2012,
	title = {Without You, I{\textquoteright}m Nothing: Performances of the Self on Twitter},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {communication, communications policy, e-journal, Information technology, international telecommunications, mass media, media, online journal, politics and media, visual communication},
	url = {http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1484},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@article {makki_culture_2011,
	title = {Culture and Agency in a Colonial Public Sphere: Religion and the Anti-Colonial Imagination in 1940s Eritrea},
	journal = {Social History},
	volume = {36},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {418{\textendash}442},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071022.2011.610632},
	author = {Makki, Fouad}
}
@article {zuckerman_cute_2011,
	title = {Cute Cats and the Arab Spring: When Social Media Meet Social Change},
	year = {2011},
	note = {00002 Journalism, School of},
	abstract = {Webcast sponsored by Irving K. Barber Learning Centre and hosted by the School of Journalism, {UBC} Continuing Education, and Laurier Institution. Ethan Zuckerman is director of the Center for Civic Media at {MIT}, and a principal research scientist at the {MIT} Media Lab. His research focuses on the distribution of attention in mainstream and new media, the use of technology for international development, and the use of new media technologies by activists.With Rebecca {MacKinnon}, Zuckerman co-founded international blogging community Global Voices. Global Voices showcases news and opinions from citizen media in over 150 nations and thirty languages, publishing editions in twenty languages. Through Global Voices and through the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, where he served as a researcher and fellow for eight years, Zuckerman is active in efforts to promote freedom of expression and fight censorship in online spaces. In 2000, Zuckerman founded Geekcorps, a technology volunteer corps that sends {IT} specialists to work on projects in developing nations, with a focus on West Africa. Previously he helped found Tripod.com, one of the web{\textquoteright}s first "personal publishing" sites. He blogs at http://ethanzuckerman.com/blog. He received his bachelor{\textquoteright}s degree from Williams College, and, as a Fulbright scholar, studied at the University of Ghana at Legon},
	keywords = {Chan Centre, {IKBLC}},
	url = {https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/39588},
	author = {Zuckerman, Ethan}
}
@article {maratea_e-rise_2011,
	title = {The e-Rise and Fall of Social Problems : The Blogosphere as a Public Arena},
	journal = {Society},
	volume = {55},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {139{\textendash}160},
	doi = {10.1525/sp.2008.55.1.139.},
	author = {Maratea, Ray}
}
@article {mackey_gay_2011,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}Gay Girl in Damascus{\textquoteright} Blog a Hoax, American Says},
	journal = {The New York Times},
	year = {2011},
	month = {jun},
	chapter = {World / Middle East},
	abstract = {Tom {MacMaster}, who identified himself as a 40-year-old American graduate student, claimed that he had authored all the posts on the well-known Syrian blog.},
	keywords = {Amina Abdallah, Arraf, Blogs and Blogging (Internet), Damascus (Syria), Tom, {MacMaster}},
	issn = {0362-4331},
	url = {http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/world/middleeast/13blogger.html},
	author = {Mackey, Robert}
}
@book {papacharissi_networked_2011,
	title = {A Networked Self: Identity, Community and Culture on Social Network Sites},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	organization = {Taylor \& Francis},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=qhwpKkoFrgsC\&oi=fnd\&pg=PP1\&dq=a+networked+self\&ots=9EM-SGmiZe\&sig=bxDfnT61Nk4zZrNFKmgsK-QO3Pk},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@article {mazali_social_2011,
	title = {Social Media as a New Public Sphere},
	journal = {Leonardo},
	volume = {44},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Full publication date: 2011 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 2011 Leonardo},
	pages = {290{\textendash}291},
	abstract = {The information and communication technology system is constantly creating new scenarios, but a tendency in them can still be recognized: the blurring of the limits between consumers and producers and the passage from interactivity to participation (user generated contents, web 2.0, social networks). In this emerging cultural context, constantly redefined and remediated by individual and personalized forms of elaboration, it is important to understand the way in which every single person or group leads his/her own way towards reappropriation of the technological realm. The author aims to explore potential and real capacities of these new technologies to generate a new public sphere by analyzing an exemplary case study: the moblog communities in the megaphone.net project.},
	issn = {0024-094X},
	doi = {10.2307/20869483},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20869483},
	author = {Mazali, Tatiana}
}
@book {miller_tales_2011,
	title = {Tales from Facebook},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Polity},
	organization = {Polity},
	abstract = {Facebook is now used by nearly 500 million people throughout the world, many of whom spend several hours a day on this site. Once the preserve of youth, the largest increase in usage today is amongst the older sections of the population. Yet until now there has been no major study of the impact of these social networking sites upon the lives of their users. This book demonstrates that it can be profound. The tales in this book reveal how Facebook can become the means by which people find and cultivate relationships, but can also be instrumental in breaking up marriage. They reveal how Facebook can bring back the lives of people isolated in their homes by illness or age, by shyness or failure, but equally Facebook can devastate privacy and create scandal. We discover why some people believe that the truth of another person lies more in what you see online than face-to-face. We also see how Facebook has become a vehicle for business, the church, sex and memorialisation. After a century in which we have assumed social networking and community to be in decline, Facebook has suddenly hugely expanded our social relationships, challenging the central assumptions of social science. It demonstrates one of the main tenets of anthropology - that individuals have always been social networking sites. This book examines in detail how Facebook transforms the lives of particular individuals, but it also presents a general theory of Facebook as culture and considers the likely consequences of social networking in the future.},
	keywords = {Computers / Information Technology, Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction, Computers / Web / Social Networking, Facebook (Electronic resource), Information technology, Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication, Online social networks, Psychology / Interpersonal Relations, Social Science / Media Studies},
	isbn = {9780745652108},
	author = {Miller, Daniel}
}
@article {coleman_ethnographic_2010,
	title = {Ethnographic Approaches to Digital Media},
	journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
	volume = {39},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {487{\textendash}505},
	keywords = {anthropology, digital media, ethnography, internet},
	issn = {0084-6570},
	doi = {10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104945},
	url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/eprint/gzYRzazRZpBjEGWfcWr5/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104945},
	author = {Coleman, E. Gabriella}
}
@article {coleman_hacker_2010,
	title = {The hacker conference: A ritual condensation and celebration of a lifeworld},
	journal = {Anthropological Quarterly},
	volume = {83},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {47{\textendash}72},
	author = {Coleman, G.}
}
@article {277,
	title = {The Hacktivists -- Digital Zapatismo},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<p>"<span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">The digital zapatismo clip from one of my favorites documentaries, "T</span><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">he Hacktivists". I{\textquoteright}m from Chiapas and when I got in touch with the hacking scene for the first time, I knew some french guys setting up a "hacker school", yes, a hacker school deep in the Chiapas{\textquoteright} jungle for the zapatista children ;). I saw lot of OLD computers taking part of that project, but I mean really OLD computers. In those days, I had a good computer where I installed my first Red Hat Linux 7.3 (yes, I learned UNIX with a single command line supported by a 2.4 linux kernel =), without X, and the best of all, It was still free) which had 32mb RAM and 333Mhz of CPU, so, you can imagine what I mean with OLD computers ;) if the one I had was a good one." From YouTube.</span></p>
},
	keywords = {Chiapas, Zapatistas},
	author = {nitr0usmx}
}
@booklet {gleick_information_2010,
	title = {The Information Palace},
	journal = {{NYRblog}},
	year = {2010},
	url = {http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/dec/08/information-palace/},
	author = {Gleick, James}
}
@book {papacharissi_private_2010,
	title = {A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Polity},
	organization = {Polity},
	edition = {1},
	isbn = {0745645240},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi A.}
}
@conference {tufekci_who_2010,
	title = {Who Acquires Friends Through Social Media and Why? "Rich Get Richer" Versus "Seek and Ye Shall Find".},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media},
	year = {2010},
	url = {http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1525/1850},
	author = {Tufekci, Zeynep}
}
@article {wesch_youtube_2010,
	title = {{YouTube} and You: Experiences of Self-awareness in the Context Collapse of the Recording Webcam},
	year = {2010},
	month = {oct},
	abstract = {New media not only introduce new ways for us to express ourselves, but also new forms of self-awareness{\textemdash}new ways to reflect on who we are and how we relate to others. This article analyzes the experiences of self-awareness generated by creating, viewing, and responding to deeply personal, unaddressed vlogs on {YouTube}. Using a symbolic interactionist framework, it is argued that the globally connected, recording webcam linking privatized spaces creates a context for sharing profound moments of self-refl ection and for creating connections that are experienced as profoundly deep yet remain ephemeral and loose.},
	keywords = {anthropology, community, ethnography, Goffman, new media, Online video, Self, Self-awareness, Webcam, {YouTube}},
	url = {http://krex.ksu.edu/dspace/handle/2097/6302},
	author = {Wesch, Michael}
}
@article {geiger_does_2009,
	title = {Does Habermas Understand the Internet? The Algorithmic Construction of the Blogo/Public Sphere},
	journal = {Gnovis: A Journal of Communication, Culture, and Technology},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1{\textendash}29},
	url = {http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/does-habermas-understand-internet-algorithmic-construction-blogopublic-sphere},
	author = {Geiger, R. Stuart}
}
@article {142,
	title = {A History of the Internet},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<div>
<p>"History of the internet" is an animated documentary explaining the inventions from time-sharing to filesharing, from Arpanet to Internet. The clip was made by Melih Bilgil {\textemdash}\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.lonja.de/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://www.lonja.de">http://www.lonja.de</a><br />
The history is told using the PICOL icons, which are available on picol.org. You can get news about this project on blog.picol.org .<br />
<br />
Voice-over by Steve Taylor\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://voice-pool.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://voice-pool.com">http://voice-pool.com</a><br />
You can get more information on this movie on my website<br />
<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.lonja.de/motion/mo_history_internet.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://www.lonja.de/motion/mo_history_internet.html">http://www.lonja.de/motion/mo_history...</a><br />
or on the PICOL-Project site where you can download a pre-release of the icons.<br />
<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://blog.picol.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://blog.picol.org/">http://blog.picol.org/</a><br />
<br />
If you are interested in more Internet history you can also read/watch:<br />
- ISOC: History of the internet:\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/">http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/</a><br />
-\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internet">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_...</a><br />
- Geschichte des Internet (german \& link to Amazon):\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://tinyurl.com/4kzlwq" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://tinyurl.com/4kzlwq">http://tinyurl.com/4kzlwq</a><br />
- Computer Networks: The Heralds Of Resource Sharing\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://tinyurl.com/apocod" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://tinyurl.com/apocod">http://tinyurl.com/apocod</a><br />
<br />
Credits for subtitles:<br />
(The correctness of the subtiles depends on the people listed down here)<br />
English: Stefan Badragan | youtube.com/StevXtreme<br />
Italian: Stefan Badragan<br />
German: me<br />
Turkish: Zeynep Can<br />
French: Arnaud {\textquoteright}dehy{\textquoteright} DE MOUHY<br />
Bulgarian: Andrian Georgiev<br />
Chinese: Terry Lee<br />
Portuguese (Brazilian): Guilherme Euler<br />
Spanish: Mauricio Diaz Orlich<br />
Polish: Agnieszka Marciniak<br />
Greek: Pantelis Bouboulis<br />
Swedish: Paul Lindstr{\"o}m<br />
Catalan: Alfred Galit{\'o}<br />
<br />
Also thanks to: Frederico Goncalves Guimaraes</p>
</div>
},
	author = {Melih Bilgil}
}
@booklet {anderson_long_2009,
	title = {The Long Tail},
	year = {2009},
	type = {Blog},
	url = {http://longtail.typepad.com/},
	author = {Anderson, Chris}
}
@article {140,
	title = {Shift Happens 2009},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Youtube},
	abstract = {<p>A viral video first posted on YouTube in 2006 describing changes in education in the context of global changes of power and infromation. The source of several variations, a history of the video may be found on <a href="http://thefischbowl.blogspot.com/2006/08/did-you-know.html" target="_blank">the original creator{\textquoteright}s blog</a>.\&nbsp;</p>
},
	url = {http://youtu.be/OhuV_rmf5Mg},
	author = {Karl Fisch}
}
@article {papacharissi_virtual_2009,
	title = {The Virtual Geographies of Social Networks: A Comparative Analysis of Facebook, Linkedin and Asmallworld},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {199{\textendash}220},
	abstract = {This study provided a comparative analysis of three social network sites, the open-to-all Facebook, the professionally oriented {LinkedIn} and the exclusive, members-only {ASmallWorld}.The analysis focused on the underlying structure or architecture of these sites, on the premise that it may set the tone for particular types of interaction.Through this comparative examination, four themes emerged, highlighting the private/public balance present in each social networking site, styles of self-presentation in spaces privately public and publicly private, cultivation of taste performances as a mode of sociocultural identification and organization and the formation of tight or loose social settings. Facebook emerged as the architectural equivalent of a glasshouse, with a publicly open structure, looser behavioral norms and an abundance of tools that members use to leave cues for each other. {LinkedIn} and {ASmallWorld} produced tighter spaces, which were consistent with the taste ethos of each network and offered less room for spontaneous interaction and network generation.},
	keywords = {community, design, facebook, identity, social network sites},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444808099577},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/11/1-2/199},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@article {481,
	title = {An Anthropological Introduction to YouTube},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<div id="watch-uploader-info" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><strong class="watch-time-text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: transparent;">Uploaded on Jul 26, 2008</strong></div>
<div id="watch-description-text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">
<p id="eow-description" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; background: transparent;">presented at the Library of Congress, June 23rd 2008. This was tons of fun to present. I decided to forgo the PowerPoint and instead worked with students to prepare over 40 minutes of video for the 55 minute presentation. This is the result.<br />
more info:\&nbsp;<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://mediatedcultures.net/" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;" target="_blank" title="http://mediatedcultures.net">http://mediatedcultures.net</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">0:00</a>\&nbsp;Introduction, YouTube{\textquoteright}s Big Numbers<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">2:00</a>\&nbsp;Numa Numa and the Celebration of Webcams<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">5:53</a>\&nbsp;The Machine is Us/ing Us and the New Mediascape<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">12:16</a>\&nbsp;Introducing our Research Team\&nbsp;<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">12:56</a>\&nbsp;Who is on YouTube?<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">13:25</a>\&nbsp;What{\textquoteright}s on Youtube? Charlie Bit My Finger, Soulja Boy, etc.<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">17:04</a>\&nbsp;5\% of vids are personal vlogs addressed to the YouTube community, Why?<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">17:30</a>\&nbsp;YouTube in context. The loss of community and "networked individualism" (Wellman)<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">18:41</a>\&nbsp;Cultural Inversion: individualism and community<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">19:15</a>\&nbsp;Understanding new forms of community through Participant Observation<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">21:18</a>\&nbsp;YouTube as a medium for community<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">23:00</a>\&nbsp;Our first vlogs<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">25:00</a>\&nbsp;The webcam: Everybody is watching where nobody is ("context collapse")<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">26:05</a>\&nbsp;Re-cognition and new forms of self-awareness (McLuhan)<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">27:58</a>\&nbsp;The Anonymity of Watching YouTube: Haters and Lovers<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">29:53</a>\&nbsp;Aesthetic Arrest<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">30:25</a>\&nbsp;Connection without Constraint<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">32:35</a>\&nbsp;Free Hugs: A hero for our mediated culture<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">34:02</a>\&nbsp;YouTube Drama: Striving for popularity<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">34:55</a>\&nbsp;An early star: emokid21ohio<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">36:55</a>\&nbsp;YouTube{\textquoteright}s Anthenticity Crisis: the story of LonelyGirl15<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">39:50</a>\&nbsp;Reflections on Authenticity<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">41:54</a>\&nbsp;Gaming the system / Exposing the System<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">43:37</a>\&nbsp;Seriously Playful Participatory Media Culture (featuring Us by blimvisible:<a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yxHKgQyGx0" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;" target="_blank" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yxHKgQyGx0">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yxHKg...</a><br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">47:32</a>\&nbsp;Networked Production: The Collab. MadV{\textquoteright}s "The Message" and the message of YouTube<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">49:29</a>\&nbsp;Poem: The Little Glass Dot, The Eyes of the World<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">51:15</a>\&nbsp;Conclusion by bnessel1973<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPAO-lZ4_hU$/#$" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; background: transparent;">52:50</a>\&nbsp;Dedication and Credits (Our Numa Numa dance)</p>
</div>
},
	url = {https://youtu.be/TPAO-lZ4_hU},
	author = {Wesch, Michael}
}
@article {reed_blog_2008,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Blog This{\textquoteright}: Surfing the Metropolis and the Method of London},
	journal = {The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {391{\textendash}406},
	abstract = {This article examines the ways in which a group of London webloggers or on-line journal keepers constitute their city. They claim that their strategies for knowing London are derived from techniques for knowing the Internet. In particular, webloggers adapt the activity and culture of on-line surfing. The article investigates the method of {\textquoteright}blogging{\textquoteright} alongside and against the interpretative strategies deployed by urban theorists and sketch writers. It is intended as a contribution to urban anthropology, anthropology of the Internet, the anthropology of knowledge, and the ethnography of London. /// L{\textquoteright}auteur examine la mani{\`e}re dont un groupe de blogueurs ou d{\textquoteright}auteurs de journaux en ligne londoniens constituent leur ville. Il affirme que leurs strat{\'e}gies pour conna{\^\i}tre Londres s{\textquoteright}inspirent des techniques employ{\'e}es pour conna{\^\i}tre Internet. En particulier, les webloggers ont adapt{\'e} l{\textquoteright}activit{\'e} et la culture de la navigation en ligne. L{\textquoteright}article {\'e}tudie la m{\'e}thode de "blogging" parall{\`e}lement et en comparaison avec les strat{\'e}gies interpr{\'e}tatives d{\'e}ploy{\'e}es par les th{\'e}oriciens de l{\textquoteright}urbanisme et les planificateurs. Cet article se veut une contribution {\`a} l{\textquoteright}anthropologie urbaine, {\`a} l{\textquoteright}anthropologie de l{\textquoteright}Internet, {\`a} l{\textquoteright}anthropologie de la connaissance et {\`a} l{\textquoteright}ethnographie de Londres.},
	keywords = {anthropology, blog, Blogging, blogosphere, ethnography, identity, London},
	issn = {1359-0987},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20203636},
	author = {Reed, Adam}
}
@article {tufekci_can_2008,
	title = {Can you see me now? Audience and disclosure regulation in online social network sites},
	journal = {Bulletin of Science, Technology \& Society},
	volume = {28},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {20{\textendash}36},
	url = {http://bst.sagepub.com/content/28/1/20.short},
	author = {Tufekci, Zeynep}
}
@article {anderson_end_2008,
	title = {The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete},
	journal = {Wired},
	volume = {16},
	number = {7},
	year = {2008},
	url = {http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory},
	author = {Anderson, Chris}
}
@article {tufekci_grooming_2008,
	title = {Grooming, Gossip, Facebook and MySpace: What Can We Learn About These Sites from Those Who Won{\textquoteright}t Assimilate?},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {544{\textendash}564},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691180801999050},
	author = {Tufekci, Zeynep}
}
@book {chadwick_handbook_2008,
	title = {Handbook of Internet Politics},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {The politics of the internet has entered the social science mainstream. From debates about its impact on parties and election campaigns following momentous presidential contests in the United States, to concerns over international security, privacy and surveillance in the post-9/11, post-7/7 environment; from the rise of blogging as a threat to the traditional model of journalism, to controversies at the international level over how and if the internet should be governed by an entity such as the United Nations; from the new repertoires of collective action open to citizens, to the massive programs of public management reform taking place in the name of e-government, internet politics and policy are continually in the headlines. The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics is a collection of over~thirty chapters dealing with the most significant scholarly debates in this rapidly growing field of study. Organized in four broad sections: Institutions, Behavior, Identities, and Law and Policy, the Handbook summarizes and criticizes contemporary debates while pointing out new departures. A comprehensive set of resources, it provides linkages to established theories of media and politics, political communication, governance, deliberative democracy and social movements, all within an interdisciplinary context. The contributors form a strong international cast of established and junior scholars. This is the first publication of its kind in this field; a helpful companion to students and scholars of politics, international relations, communication studies and sociology.},
	keywords = {Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies, Law / International, Political Science / General, Political Science / Reference},
	isbn = {9781134087549},
	author = {Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N.}
}
@article {kelly_mapping_2008,
	title = {Mapping Iran{\textquoteright}s Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere},
	journal = {Berkman Center for Internet and Society and Internet \& Democracy Project, Harvard Law School},
	year = {2008},
	url = {http://www.tavaanatech.org/sites/default/files/mapping_irans_online_public_-_pdf_-_english.pdf},
	author = {Kelly, John and Etling, Bruce}
}
@article {zuckerman_meet_2008,
	title = {Meet the Bridgebloggers},
	journal = {Public Choice},
	volume = {134},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {00035},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {47{\textendash}65},
	abstract = {As the blogosphere has expanded outside its original {US} context, it has changed from an extended community in which everyone shares a roughly similar set of suppositions and languages to a set of separate blogospheres characterized by different cultures and languages. Bridgebloggers{\textemdash}bloggers who seek to mediate between these cultures and languages{\textemdash}play an increasingly crucial role in connecting these disparate spheres of conversation and argument together. In this paper, I discuss the difficulties of quantifying the extent to which the blogosphere is characterized by different language communities and national communities. I employ qualitative evidence to examine blogospheres emerging in Asia, Southern Africa, the Arab-speaking world and elsewhere, and to assess the importance of bridgebloggers in drawing connections between them.},
	keywords = {Africa, blogosphere, Blogs, India, internet, Iran, Middle East, Political Science, Public Finance \& Economics, Salam Pax},
	issn = {0048-5829, 1573-7101},
	doi = {10.1007/s11127-007-9200-y},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11127-007-9200-y},
	author = {Zuckerman, Ethan}
}
@article {castells_new_2008,
	title = {The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance},
	journal = {The {ANNALS} of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {616},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {78{\textendash}93},
	issn = {0002-7162},
	doi = {10.1177/0002716207311877},
	url = {http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0002716207311877},
	author = {Castells, M.}
}
@article {alexanian_poetry_2008,
	title = {Poetry and polemics: Iranian literary expression in the Digital Age},
	journal = {{MELUS}},
	volume = {33},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {00003},
	pages = {129{\textendash}152},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/20343470},
	author = {Alexanian, Janet}
}
@article {kim_politics_2008,
	title = {A politics of visibility in the blogosphere: A space in-between private and public},
	journal = {N. Carpentier, P., Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, K., Nordenstreng, M., Hartmann, P., Vihalemm, B., Cammaerts, H., Nieminen, \& T., Olsson (Eds.), Democracy, Journalism and Technology: New Developments in an Enlarged Europe},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {243{\textendash}254},
	author = {Kim, J. H}
}
@article {166,
	title = {The Semaphore Version of Wuthering Heights},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	author = {Monty Python}
}
@article {wesch_introducing_2007,
	title = {Introducing Our YouTube Ethnography Project},
	year = {2007},
	note = {<p>For more information go to: http://mediatedcultures.net/youtube.htm Please subscribe to our profile pages, ask us questions, answer our questions, or just hang out. Team members include: thepoasm http://www.youtube.com/user/thepoasm abo46n2 http://www.youtube.com/user/abo46n2 cschwiet http://www.youtube.com/user/cschwiet {MaKMelman} http://www.youtube.com/user/{MaKMelman} {LeeRedman} http://www.youtube.com/user/{LeeRedman} dippyhude http://www.youtube.com/user/dippyhude seiji306 http://www.youtube.com/user/seiji306 hinderliter84 http://www.youtube.com/user/hinderliter84 sabriel7 http://www.youtube.com/user/sabriel7 Music by the new draft http://myspace.com/thenewdraft</p>
},
	month = {mar},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	keywords = {YouTube},
	url = {http://youtu.be/tYcS_VpoWJk},
	author = {Wesch, Michael}
}
@article {481,
	title = {The Machine Is Us / Using Us},
	year = {2007},
	month = {01/2007},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	url = {https://youtu.be/NLlGopyXT_g},
	author = {Wesch, Michael}
}
@article {245,
	title = {Revolution OS - The Cathedral And The Bazaar (3/5)},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<p><a class="yt-uix-redirect-link" dir="ltr" href="http://www.masternewmedia.org/" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(22, 122, 198); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;" target="_blank" title="http://www.MasterNewMedia.org">http://www.MasterNewMedia.org</a><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">\&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">Extracted from the documentary</span><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">\&nbsp;Revolution OS. In this clip Eric Raymond discusses his concept of the Cathedral and the Bazaar</span></p>
},
	author = {Eric Raymond and Robin Good}
}
@article {fraser_transnational_2007,
	title = {Transnationalizing the Public Sphere: On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post-Westphalian World},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {7{\textendash}30},
	issn = {0263-2764, 1460-3616},
	doi = {10.1177/0263276407080090},
	url = {http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/24/4/7},
	author = {Fraser, Nancy}
}
@article {anthrovlog_what_2007,
	title = {What Defines a Community?},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<p><a href="http://www.patriciaglange.org/" target="_blank">Patricia Lange{\textquoteright}s web site</a></p>
<p>I am an anthropologist conducting research on video sharing on YouTube and in the video blogging community. See: http://digitalyouth.ischool.berkeley.edu/ Many people still argue about what a community is, and whether online groups can be communities. In asking people at SouthTube whether YouTube is a community, people provided answers that I found very interesting. If you watch closely you will see many different definitions in words and images. What do you think defines a community? Which criteria do you find most persuasive? This footage was taken at the SouthTube meeting in Georgia on September 22-23, 2007. For more information on SouthTube see: http://www.youtube.com/user/SouthTubeGathering. Please note that this is a research site and that comments posted to the site may be used in research. For more information about the study and how posted comments are used in research please see: http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=A...</p>
},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQJbgEiQ4Cg\&feature=youtube_gdata_player},
	author = {Patricia G. Lange}
}
@article {bernal_diaspora_2006,
	title = {Diaspora, Cyberspace and Political Imagination: The Eritrean Diaspora Online},
	journal = {Global Networks},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {161{\textendash}179},
	abstract = {Abstract In this article I analyse the Eritrean diaspora and its use of cyberspace to theorize the ways transnationalism and new media are associated with the rise of new forms of community, public spheres and sites of cultural production. The struggle for national independence coincided with the rise of the Internet and the Eritrean diaspora has been actively involved in the new state. Eritreans abroad use the Internet as a transnational public sphere where they produce and debate narratives of history, culture, democracy and identity. Through the web the diaspora has mobilized demonstrators, amassed funds for war, debated the formulation of the constitution, and influenced the government of Eritrea. Through their web postings, {\textquoteleft}Internet intellectuals{\textquoteright} interpret national crises, rearticulate values and construct community. Thus, the Internet is not simply about information but is also an emotion-laden and creative space. More than simply refugees or struggling workers, diasporas online may invent new forms of citizenship, community and political practices.},
	keywords = {diaspora, Eritrea, ethnography, nationalism, web},
	issn = {1471-0374},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00139.x},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00139.x/abstract},
	author = {Bernal, Victoria}
}
@book {charlesnesson_ethan_2006,
	title = {Ethan Zuckerman History of the Internet},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {<p>no kidding, a history of the net in five</p>
},
	keywords = {berkman, beyondbroadcast, Folder - 02 History, Folder - 09-14 Berners-Lee, zuckerman},
	url = {http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2QdEj8UjBc\&feature=youtube_gdata_player},
	author = {Ethan Zuckerman and Charles Nesson}
}
@article {145,
	title = {The Evolution of Digital Communities},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	abstract = {<div>
<p>Ethan Zuckerman talks about the history of digital communities as a primer for a panel on the community dimensions of the media. The panel was part of Beyond Broadcast 2006.</p>
</div>
},
	url = {http://youtu.be/F7O4uMRADB8},
	author = {Zuckerman, Ethan}
}
@booklet {anderson_identifying_2006,
	title = {Identifying "The Long Tail"},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {Complete video at: http://fora.tv/fora/showthread.php?t=453 "Wired" editor and author Chris Anderson explains his theory of "The Long Tail," using the music and film industries as examples. {\textendash}{\textendash}- You know something is up when an audience member is taking cell phone photos of the presenter{\textquoteright}s slides for instant transmittal to a business partner. Chris Anderson does have killer slides, full of exuberant detail, defining the exact shape of the still emerging opportunity space for finding and selling formerly infindable and unsellable items of every imaginable description. The 25 million music tracks in the world. All the {TV} ever broadcast. Every single amateur video. All that is old, arcane, micro-niche, against-the-grain, undefinable, or remote is suddenly as accessible as the top of the pops. "The power law is the shape of our age," Anderson asserted, showing the classic ski-jump curve of popularity - a few things sell in vast quantity, while a great many things sell in small quantity. It{\textquoteright}s the natural product of variety, inequality, and network effect sifting, which amplifies the inequality. "Everything is measurable now," said Anderson, comparing charts of sales over time of a hit music album with a niche album. The hit declined steeply, the niche album kept its legs. The "long tail" of innumerable tiny-sellers is populated by old hits as well as new and old niche items. That{\textquoteright}s the time dimension. For the first time in history, archives have a business model. Old stuff is more profitable because the acquisition cost is lower and customer satisfaction is higher. Infinite-inventory Netflix occupies the sweet spot for movie distribution, while Blockbuster is saddled with the tyranny of the new. Anderson explained that we are leaving an age where distribution was ruled by channel scarcity - 3 {TV} networks, only so many movie theater screens, limited shelf space for books. "Those scarcity effects make a bottleneck that distorts the market and distorts our culture. Infinite shelf space changes everything." Books are freed up by print-on-demand (already a large and profitable service at Amazon), movies freed by cheap {DVDs}, old broadcast {TV} by classics collections, new videos by Google Videos and {YouTube} online. Even the newest game machines are now designed to be able to emulate their earlier incarnations, so you can play the original "Super Mario Bros." if so inclined - and many are. "I{\textquoteright}m an editor of a Conde-Nast magazine [Wired] {AND} I{\textquoteright}m a blogger," said Anderson. In other words, he works both in the fading world of "pre-filters" and the emerging world of "post-filters." Pre-filtering is ruled by editors, A\&R guys ("artist and repetoire," the talent-finders in the music biz), studio execs, and capital-B Buyers. Post-filtering is driven by readers, recommenders, word of mouth, and buyers. Will Hearst joined Anderson on the stage and noted that social networking software has automated word of mouth, and that{\textquoteright}s what has "unchoked the long tail of sheer obscure quantity in the vast backlog of old movies, for example." Anderson agreed, "The marketing power of customer recommendations is the main driver for Netflix, and it is zero-cost marketing." "By democratizing the tools of distribution, we{\textquoteright}re seeing a Renaissance in culture. We{\textquoteright}re starting to find out just how rich our society is in terms of creativity," Anderson said. But isn{\textquoteright}t there a danger, he was asked from the audience, of our culture falling apart with all this super-empowered diversity? Anderson agreed that we collect strongly and narrowly around our passions now, rather than just weakly and widely around broadcast hits, but the net gain of overall creativity is the main effect, and a positive one. Questions remain, though. "Digital rights is the elephant in the room of freeing the long tail." Clearing copyright on old material is a profoundly wedged process at present, with no solution in sight. Will Hearst fretted that we may be becoming an "opinionocracy," swayed by {TV} bloviators and online bloggers, losing the grounding of objective reporting. Anderson observed that maybe the two-party system is a pre-long-tail scarcity effect that suppresses the diversity we{\textquoteright}re now embracing. Much of how we run our culture has yet to catch up with the long tail - Stewart Brand, The Long Now Foundation},
	url = {http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Yku0GTrcuw\&feature=youtube_gdata}
}
@article {alexanian_publicly_2006,
	title = {Publicly Intimate Online: Iranian Web Logs in Southern California},
	journal = {Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	note = {00011 {\textless}p{\textgreater}Volume 26, Number 1, 2006{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	pages = {134{\textendash}145},
	abstract = {<p>In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content: Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 26.1 (2006) 134-145 Iranian Web Logs in Southern California Janet A. Alexanian Iranian identities are increasingly being articulated through the Internet, especially through online sites for reflective narration and discussion called Web logs, or blogs. On these publicly displayed, often anonymous Web pages, individuals record their personal experiences, thoughts, anecdotes, and opinions. Blogs are emerging as an analytic site for the examination of emergent forms of techno- or cybersociality and, more generally, constitute a space for studying the relationship between new technological emergences and expressions of affect. Within the frame of cyberculture as a regime, technosociality can be understood through its productive features, that is, the practices, values, rituals, and social relations it fosters. As an emerging field for social action, cyberspace is constantly in process and changing, challenging the stability of concepts of the self, intimacy, identity, and community. This article is concerned with the ways technology itself shapes specific forms of sociality, and, in doing so, how it challenges views that present cyberspace as a "liberating" or "unrestricted" new ground, or as a separate and self-contained realm. The technologies pertinent to blogging are, however, new; as such, one is forced to consider how they allow people to negotiate particular forms of power, representation, and knowledge. In the process of teasing out these new forms of sociality, reconfigurations of notions of "public" and "private" are encountered. Cyberspace, and blogs in particular, obscure the boundary between these notions. The vast open space of the Internet offers the anonymity of the public realm while, at the same time, enabling intimate encounters through uniquely private engagements. While the boundary between the public and private realm is never neatly contained, expectations and norms about appropriate behaviors and modes of sociality are articulated in relation to such a separation. Norms surrounding intimacy and disclosure highlight the delicate awareness of this separation, as does the surveillance and rigid control of social action in public spaces in the Islamic Republic of Iran. At the same time, immigration flows and sociality in cyberspace obscure and transform this context, enabling both challenges and reinforcements to these norms. This article explores Iranian online interactions and the blogs of several Iranian immigrants in Orange County, California. Just as Iran and the United States are connected through transnational flows, the separation between the "online" and "offline" world is tenuous. The flow of cultural artifacts, norms, and ideas between these spaces is constant. Blogs allow us to consider the "making public" of private lives and, in this case, how the cultural constructions of the public and private are reconfigured as these subjects themselves are refashioned by new technologies. Notions of "insider" and "stranger," for example, take on new and dynamic meanings within these overlapping contexts of Iran, immigration, and cyberspace. In order to explore the various configurations of public and private, this article examines the ways that these realms have been conceptualized in Iranian Studies and the meanings associated with these formulations in relation to the social and political context of Iran. I present this and the specific experiences of my informants as a background to my ethnographic observations of how these concepts (and the norms that relate to them) are undermined or reinforced differently in Iran, in the Iranian diaspora, and in cyberspace. Just as the effects of cultural, social, and political shifts are dynamic, so is the relationship between individuals and the norms they embody, enact, contest, and subvert. The narratives in this study highlight the multiple complex subject positions individuals occupy in a constellation of historical, cultural, social, and political contexts and the ways these formations interact with the social norms they naturalize. The concept of Iranian social norms does, however, need to be historicized, and to this end, I would like to draw attention to the position of my informants both historically and within Iranian society. Internet use is rapidly increasing both in Iran and among Iranians across the world. Currently, there are well over 100,000 blogs written in Persian and over 5 million Internet users in Iran (out of a population of 70 million). While Internet use in Iran is largely a question...</p>
},
	keywords = {blogosphere, California, Iran},
	issn = {1548-226X},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/comparative_studies_of_south_asia_africa_and_the_middle_east/v026/26.1alexanian.html},
	author = {Alexanian, Janet A.}
}
@article {bernal_eritrea_2005,
	title = {Eritrea on-line: Diaspora, Cyberspace, and the Public Sphere},
	journal = {American Ethnologist},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {660{\textendash}675},
	abstract = {<p>For Eritreans in diaspora, identities are deterritorialized, one{\textquoteright}s most pressing communication may be with far-flung strangers in cyberspace, and one{\textquoteright}s political engagement is centered on a distant homeland. Eritrean experiences, thus, seem to bring together various qualities that scholars have been grappling with in trying to chart the implications of the infotech revolution and life on-line, in seeking to understand processes of transnationalism and globalization, and in charting the elusive construction of community in the postmodern age. Through an analysis of the social history of www.dehai.org, a website developed by Eritreans in diaspora, I explore the ways that new forms of technological and geographical mobility are changing the conditions not just of capitalist production but also of knowledge production and the constitution of publics, public spheres, communities, and nations.</p>
},
	keywords = {diaspora, Eritrea, ethnography, nationalism, web},
	issn = {1548-1425},
	doi = {10.1525/ae.2005.32.4.660},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/ae.2005.32.4.660/abstract},
	author = {Bernal, Victoria}
}
@article {parham_internet_2005,
	title = {Internet, Place, and Public Sphere in Diaspora Communities},
	journal = {Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies},
	volume = {14},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	note = {00006 {\textless}p{\textgreater}Volume 14, Number 2/3, Fall/Winter 2005{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	pages = {349{\textendash}380},
	abstract = {Abstract Abstract:Parham looks at the ways in which the Internet shapes the public spheres created by diaspora communities in general, and the Haitian diaspora in particular. She contends that most accounts have tended to generate either a positive response{\textemdash}that the Internet will provide ideal conditions for the flourishing of the diasporic public sphere{\textemdash}or a less optimistic response, concerned that the Internet will encourage a superficial engagement with important issues that require a more grounded response. Although each position tends to rely on some implicit assumptions about how spatial dispersion affects public-sphere activities, it is rare that writers explicitly analyze how varied combinations of on- and offline interaction shape this activity. Parham offers a close reading of existing literature as well as case studies from the Haitian diaspora to name three different types of Internet-mediated publics{\textemdash}representational, network, and vertical publics{\textemdash}that vary in the degree to which their activity occurs online or offline. She concludes that while representational publics largely reproduce pre-Internet forms of communication, network and vertical publics significantly expand the range of interaction and organizational forms that allow ethnic and national communities to flourish in diaspora. These new kinds of publics raise novel challenges and potentials that need to be integrated into existing public-sphere theory.},
	keywords = {diaspora, Haiti, public sphere},
	issn = {1911-1568},
	doi = {10.1353/dsp.0.0020},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/diaspora_a_journal_of_transnational_studies/v014/14.2.parham.html},
	author = {Parham, Angel Adams}
}
@article {reed_my_2005,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}My blog is me{\textquoteright}: Texts and persons in {UK} online journal culture (and anthropology)},
	journal = {Ethnos},
	volume = {70},
	number = {2},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {220{\textendash}242},
	keywords = {anthropology, Blogging, blogosphere, ethnography, identity, London},
	author = {Reed, A.}
}
@article {coleman_social_2005,
	title = {The Social Production of Ethics in Debian and Free Software Communities: Anthropological Lessons},
	journal = {Free/open source software development},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {273},
	author = {Coleman, E.G.}
}
@article {vidanage_cyber_2004,
	title = {Cyber Cafes in Sri Lanka: Tamil Virtual Communities},
	journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
	volume = {39},
	number = {36},
	year = {2004},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Full publication date: Sep. 4-10, 2004 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 2004 Economic and Political Weekly},
	pages = {3988{\textendash}3991},
	abstract = {<p>A study of cyber cafes in a Colombo locality reveals that for Sri Lanka{\textquoteright}s Tamils establishing linkages with the worldwide Tamil diaspora is no longer an act of mere communication but one that seeks active interaction. The internet has facilitated several alternatives that reconfigure and resist dominant assumptions and the virtual existence of Tamil Eelam does not replicate geopolitical configurations. Instead, spatial metaphors used to describe the internet exist in tandem with other models.</p>
},
	keywords = {community, cybercafes, Tamil},
	issn = {0012-9976},
	doi = {10.2307/4415497},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4415497},
	author = {Vidanage, Harinda Ranura}
}
@article {papacharissi_democracy_2004,
	title = {Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	volume = {6},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {259{\textendash}283},
	abstract = {The proponents of cyberspace promise that online discourse will increase political participation and pave the road for a democratic utopia. This article explores the potential for civil discourse in cyberspace by examining the level of civility in 287 discussion threads in political newsgroups. While scholars often use civility and politeness interchangeably, this study argues that this conflation ignores the democratic merit of robust and heated discussion. Therefore, civility was defined in a broader sense, by identifying as civil behaviors that enhance democratic conversation. In support of this distinction, the study results revealed that most messages posted on political newsgroups were civil, and further suggested that because the absence of face-to-face communication fostered more heated discussion, cyberspace might actually promote Lyotard{\textquoteright}s vision of democratic emancipation through disagreement and anarchy (Lyotard, 1984). Thus, this study supported the internet{\textquoteright}s potential to revive the public sphere, provided that greater diversity and volume of discussion is present.},
	keywords = {civility, discourse analysis, internet, online, politeness, political},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444804041444},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/6/2/259},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@article {bernal_eritrea_2004,
	title = {Eritrea Goes Global: Reflections on Nationalism in a Transnational Era},
	journal = {Cultural Anthropology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {3{\textendash}25},
	abstract = {<p>Many scholars have seen globalization and transnationalism as ushering in a postnational era. The new nation of Eritrea serves as an example suggesting that transnationalism does not only operate in opposition to nationalism but can also work to reinforce it. Eritreans in diaspora helped to liberate Eritrea from Ethiopia and continue to participate in the economics and politics of Eritrea. Official constructions of Eritrean citizenship and the national community take this into account in surprising ways. Theories of globalization, transnationalism, and the wired world that emphasize their unboundedness and their unifying and universalizing effects overlook the ways in which people reimagine community and nation and reassert local loyalties and identities even as they engage in global processes and inhabit transnational spaces.</p>
},
	keywords = {Africa, cyberspace, diaspora, globalization, nationalism, transnationalism},
	issn = {1548-1360},
	doi = {10.1525/can.2004.19.1.3},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/can.2004.19.1.3/abstract},
	author = {Bernal, Victoria}
}
@article {anderson_long_2004,
	title = {The Long Tail},
	journal = {Wired},
	volume = {12},
	number = {10},
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {economics, long tail},
	url = {http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/tail_pr.html},
	author = {Anderson, Chris}
}
@article {coleman_political_2004,
	title = {The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast},
	journal = {Anthropological Quarterly},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {00106 {\textless}p{\textgreater}Volume 77, Number 3, Summer 2004{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	pages = {507{\textendash}519},
	abstract = {<p>In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content: Anthropological Quarterly 77.3 (2004) 507-519 Gabriella Coleman University of Chicago Free and open source software ({FOSS}), which is by now entrenched in the technology sector, has recently traveled far beyond this sphere in the form of artifacts, licenses, and as a broader icon for openness and collaboration. {FOSS} has attained a robust socio-political life as a touchstone for like-minded projects in art, law, journalism, and science{\textemdash}some examples being {MIT}{\textquoteright}s {OpenCourseWare} project, School Forge, and the {BBC}{\textquoteright}s decision to release all their archives under a Creative Commons license. One might suspect {FOSS} of having a deliberate political agenda, but when asked, {FOSS} developers invariably offer a firm and unambiguous "no"{\textemdash}usually followed by a precise lexicon for discussing the proper relationship between {FOSS} and politics. For example, while it is perfectly acceptable and encouraged to have a panel on free software at an anti-globalization conference, {FOSS} developers would suggest that it is unacceptable to claim that {FOSS} has as one of its goals anti-globalization, or for that matter any political program{\textemdash}a subtle but vital difference, which captures the uncanny, visceral, and minute semiotic acts by which developers divorce {FOSS} from a guided political direction. {FOSS}, of course, beholds a complex political life despite the lack of political intention; nonetheless, I argue that the political agnosticism of {FOSS} shapes the expressive life and force of its informal politics. {FOSS} gives palpable voice to the growing fault lines between expressive and intellectual property rights, especially in the context of digital technologies. While free speech and property rights are often imagined as linked and essential parts of our American liberal heritage, the social life of {FOSS} complicates this connection while providing a window into how liberal values such as free speech take on specific forms through cultural-based technical practice: that of computer hacking. Whereas, traditionally, censorship and state intervention were seen as the primary threats against the realization of free speech, the social practices of free and open software raise the idea that forms property can be antithetical to the principles of free speech, "principles" that are constantly under social revision though they might appear as timeless and obvious. Source code, the blueprint for programs that most non-technical users rarely see, is becoming an object to construct claims about vocational rights and the appropriate scope of First Amendment law; {FOSS} has not only transformed the dynamics of software development but is also shifting understandings of the appropriate use of intellectual property instruments and the scope of free speech protections. I argue that the wedge placed by practitioners between {FOSS} and politics is significant to an anthropological assessment of the liberal underpinnings and reformulations of {FOSS} and the wider socio-political effect of its vast circulations. My thesis is that the denial of {FOSS}{\textquoteright} formal politics enacted through a particularized cultural exercise of free speech facilitates the broad mobility of {FOSS} as artifacts and metaphors and thus lays the groundwork for its informal political scope: its key role as a catalyst by which to rethink the assumptions of intellectual property rights through its use and inversion. It works because it recalibrates some of the distinctions and associations between free speech and intellectual property{\textemdash}it revises intellectual property law and channels it toward the protection of free speech, instead of its "conventional use" of securing property rights. Christopher Kelty aptly describes this as "openness through privatization, which makes it the most powerful political movement on the Internet, even though most of its proponents spend all their extra energy denying that it is political" (2000:6). Political intent and subjectivity are indeed noticeably absent in the constitution of the free software and open source movement, which differs from more formal political endeavors and new social movements predicated on some political intentionality, direction, or reflexivity or a desire to transform wider social conditions. {FOSS} uniqueness as a "new social movement" stands precisely in the "extra energy" noted by Kelty to deny political associations of various kinds. While technical or economic rationalities are often the native explanation for {FOSS}, a taken for granted form of cultural liberalism and the pragmatics of programming mutually inform and reinforce...</p>
},
	issn = {1534-1518},
	doi = {10.1353/anq.2004.0035},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/anthropological_quarterly/v077/77.3coleman.html},
	author = {Coleman, Gabriella}
}
@article {whitaker_tamilnet.com:_2004,
	title = {Tamilnet.com: Some Reflections on Popular Anthropology, Nationalism, and the Internet},
	journal = {Anthropological Quarterly},
	volume = {77},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Full publication date: Summer, 2004 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 2004 The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research},
	pages = {469{\textendash}498},
	abstract = {<p>In this essay I argue that Tamilnet.com, an Internet news agency put together by a group of Sri Lankan Tamils to address the Tamil diaspora and influence English-speaking elites, subverted international news coverage during Sri Lanka{\textquoteright}s civil war by making "ironic" use of the discursive styles of journalism and anthropology. I also claim that this constituted a particular form of autoethnographic popular anthropology that challenged professional anthropology, and in some ways sought to replace it. In the first two sections of this essay, I dismantle the concept of "the popular" by showing that when anthropologists and social theorists use the term they are often referring to connected but distinct aspects of popularity which should be distinguished: Baudrillardian market popularity on the one hand, and Habermasian identity-resistance popularity on the other. I then show how the Internet, given its technology and software, is best seen as market popular in form but identity-resistance popular in content. In the remaining four sections I illustrate, ethnographically, how the creators of Tamilnet.com, while deeply embedded in civil war and a world-wide diaspora, recognized this aspect of the Internet and used it-again, "ironically"-to construct a site that advances their own nationalist interests.</p>
},
	issn = {0003-5491},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3318230},
	author = {Whitaker, Mark P.}
}
@article {doostdar_vulgar_2004,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Vulgar Spirit of Blogging{\textquotedblright}: On Language, Culture, and Power in Persian Weblogestan},
	journal = {American Anthropologist},
	volume = {106},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {651{\textendash}662},
	abstract = {<p>This article is an ethnographic study of Persian-language weblogs (blogs), focusing on a divisive argument among Iranian bloggers that came to be known as the {\textquotedblleft}vulgarity debate.{\textquotedblright} Sparked by a controversial blogger who ridiculed assertions that Islam was compatible with human rights, the debate revolved around the claim that blogging had a {\textquotedblleft}vulgar spirit{\textquotedblright} that made it easy for everything from standards of writing to principles of logical reasoning to be undermined. My study focuses primarily on the linguistic side of the controversy: I analyze blogging as an emergent speech genre and identify the structural features and social interactions that make this genre seem {\textquotedblleft}vulgar.{\textquotedblright} I also examine the controversy as a confrontation between bloggers with unequal access to cultural capital and a struggle over {\textquotedblleft}intellectualist{\textquotedblright} hegemony. In the conclusion, I use the construct of {\textquotedblleft}deep play{\textquotedblright} to weave together multiple layers of structure, explanation, and meaning in the debate.</p>
},
	keywords = {blog, Blogging, blogosphere, computer-mediated communication, identity, Iran, social status, speech genres, weblogs},
	issn = {1548-1433},
	doi = {10.1525/aa.2004.106.4.651},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.2004.106.4.651/abstract},
	author = {Doostdar, Alireza}
}
@article {pax_baghdad_2003,
	title = {Baghdad Blogger},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	year = {2003},
	chapter = {World news},
	abstract = {His irreverent web diary became an internet sensation during the war. Now, in the first of his fortnightly Guardian columns, Salam Pax reports on life in the Iraqi capital},
	keywords = {Iraq, Middle East and North Africa, World news},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	url = {http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/04/iraq.comment},
	author = {Pax, Salam}
}
@article {pax_i_2003,
	title = {{\textquoteright}I became the profane pervert Arab blogger{\textquoteright}},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	year = {2003},
	chapter = {World news},
	abstract = {It began as an internet joke with a friend in Jordan. But then the media - including the Guardian - picked it up, and suddenly he was the Baghdad blogger, the most famous web diarist in the world. Salam Pax describes what it was like to play cat-and-mouse with Saddam{\textquoteright}s censors Watch the promo for The Baghdad Blog, with music from Aphex Twin here},
	keywords = {Biography, Blogging, Books, culture, digital media, Iraq, media, Middle East and North Africa, technology, World news},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	url = {http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/09/iraq.biography},
	author = {Pax, Salam}
}
@article {anderson_new_2003,
	title = {New Media, New Publics: Reconfiguring the Public Sphere of Islam},
	journal = {Social Research},
	volume = {70},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {887{\textendash}906},
	abstract = {<p>The article reports on the function of media in the public sphere of Islam. The public sphere of Islam has been a ground for dispute, where activists and militants argue with the traditional interpretative practices and authority to speak for Islam. Giving new people and practices an opportunity to the social field do not only challenge authorities but it also distort the boundaries between private and public. Moreover, it promotes new habits of production and consumption related to media. Certain ideas and issues start to circulate in intellectuals{\textquoteright} books, audiocassettes and televisions.</p>
},
	keywords = {mass media, public sphere, {CIVIL} society, {ISLAMIC} law, {ISLAM}, {MUSLIMS}, {PUBLIC} behavior, {RELIGIOUS} groups, {SOCIETIES}},
	issn = {0037783X},
	url = {http://www.proxy.its.virginia.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=a9h\&AN=11207112\&site=ehost-live},
	author = {Anderson, Jon W.}
}
@book {pax_salam_2003,
	title = {Salam Pax: The Clandestine Diary of an Ordinary Iraqi},
	year = {2003},
	month = {sep},
	publisher = {Grove Press},
	organization = {Grove Press},
	isbn = {9780802140449},
	author = {Pax, Salam}
}
@article {papacharissi_virtual_2002,
	title = {The Virtual Sphere: The Internet as a Public Sphere},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2002},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {9{\textendash}27},
	abstract = {The internet and its surrounding technologies hold the promise of reviving the public sphere; however, several aspects of these new technologies simultaneously curtail and augment that potential. First, the data storage and retrieval capabilities of internet-based technologies infuse political discussion with information otherwise unavailable. At the same time, information access inequalities and new media literacy compromise the representativeness of the virtual sphere. Second, internet-based technologies enable discussion between people on far sides of the globe, but also frequently fragmentize political discourse. Third, given the patterns of global capitalism, it is possible that internet-based technologies will adapt themselves to the current political culture, rather than create a new one. The internet and related technologies have created a new public space for politically oriented conversation; whether this public space transcends to a public sphere is not up to the technology itself.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, information, internet, political, public, sphere, technology, virtual},
	issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
	doi = {10.1177/14614440222226244},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/4/1/9},
	author = {Papacharissi, Zizi}
}
@book {138,
	title = {Computer Networks Super Review},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Research \& Education Assoc.},
	organization = {Research \& Education Assoc.},
	abstract = {<p>Get all you need to know with Super Reviews! Each Super Review is packed with in-depth, student-friendly topic reviews that fully explain everything about the subject. The Computer Networks Super Review begins with an introduction to computer networks and goes on to cover network architecture, the physical layer, the data-link layer, the network layer, local area networks, high speed networks, and the Internet. A list of computer-related acronyms is also included. Take the Super Review quizzes to see how much you{\textquoteright}ve learned - and where you need more study. Makes an excellent study aid and textbook companion. Great for self-study! {DETAILS} - From cover to cover, each in-depth topic review is easy-to-follow and easy-to-grasp - Perfect when preparing for homework, quizzes, and exams! - Review questions after each topic that highlight and reinforce key areas and concepts - Student-friendly language for easy reading and comprehension - Includes quizzes that test your understanding of the subject</p>
},
	keywords = {Computers / Networking / General},
	isbn = {9780878910847},
	author = {Raus, Randall}
}
@article {miller_fame_2000,
	title = {The Fame of Trinis: Websites as Traps},
	journal = {Journal of Material Culture},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {5{\textendash}24},
	abstract = {This article attempts to demonstrate the value and insightful nature of the recent work of Alfred Gell through an application of his theoretical ideas on both Art and Agency to the study of Trinidadian websites. It examines both personal and commercial websites produced by Trinidadians and explores how their contents and aesthetic forms strive to attract and trap certain surfers while escaping the attention of those surfers who are not its intended viewers. Websites create an expanded space-time in which on analogy with Kula operators, their owners seek to create their fame and disperse their social efficacy.},
	keywords = {aesthetics, art, blog, blogosphere, consumption, ethnography, kula, nationalism, Trinidad, Website},
	doi = {10.1177/135918350000500101},
	url = {http://mcu.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/5},
	author = {Miller, Daniel}
}
@book {miller_internet_2000,
	title = {Internet: An Ethnographic Approach},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {anthropology, Blogging, blogosphere, ethnography, internet, political economy, Trinidad},
	url = {http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uvalib/docDetail.action?docID=10006782},
	author = {Miller, Daniel}
}
@article {anderson_producers_2000,
	title = {Producers and Middle East Internet Technology: Getting beyond "Impacts"},
	journal = {Middle East Journal},
	volume = {54},
	number = {3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Issue Title: The Information Revolution / Full publication date: Summer, 2000 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 2000 Middle East Institute},
	pages = {419{\textendash}431},
	abstract = {<p>The spread of the Internet in the Middle East involves networks of technology actors. Because of the social character of the Internet, developers are particularly important: theirs are among the first values built into Internet technology, and because additional actors become developers, too. Case material shows how financiers, sponsors, regulators, administrators, as well as end users merge with and become Internet technology producers. Here, rather than in the slow growth of end users, is where the Internet action in the region is to be found to date.</p>
},
	issn = {0026-3141},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4329509},
	author = {Anderson, Jon W.}
}
@book {rheingold_virtual_2000,
	title = {The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	organization = {The MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	url = {http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/},
	author = {Rheingold, H.}
}
@book {raymond_cathedral_1999,
	title = {The Cathedral and the Bazaar},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {O{\textquoteright}Reilly},
	organization = {O{\textquoteright}Reilly},
	isbn = {1-56592-724-9},
	url = {http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/},
	author = {Raymond, Eric S.}
}
@article {albert_internet:_1999,
	title = {Internet: Diameter of the World-Wide Web},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {401},
	number = {6749},
	year = {1999},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {130{\textendash}131},
	abstract = {<p>Despite its increasing role in communication, the World-Wide Web remains uncontrolled: any individual or institution can create a website with any number of documents and links. This unregulated growth leads to a huge and complex web, which becomes a large directed graph whose vertices are documents and whose edges are links ({URLs}) that point from one document to another. The topology of this graph determines the web{\textquoteright}s connectivity and consequently how effectively we can locate information on it. But its enormous size (estimated to be at least 8108 documents) and the continual changing of documents and links make it impossible to catalogue all the vertices and edges.</p>
},
	keywords = {astronomy, astrophysics, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biology, biotechnology, cancer, cell cycle, cell signalling, climate change, computational biology, development, developmental biology, drug discovery, earth science, ecology, environmental science, evolution, evolutionary biology, functional genomics, genetics, genomics, geophysics, immunology, interdisciplinary science, life, marine biology, materials science, medical research, Medicine, metabolomics, molecular biology, molecular interactions, nanotechnology, Nature, neurobiology, neuroscience, palaeobiology, pharmacology, physics, proteomics, quantum physics, science, science news, science policy, signal transduction, structural biology, systems biology, transcriptomics, {DNA}, {RNA}},
	issn = {0028-0836},
	doi = {10.1038/43601},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v401/n6749/abs/401130a0.html},
	author = {Albert, R{\'e}ka and Jeong, Hawoong and Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o}}
}
@book {anderson_new_1999,
	title = {New media in the Muslim world : the emerging public sphere},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press,},
	organization = {Indiana University Press,},
	address = {Bloomington :},
	isbn = {0253335752 (cl : alk. paper)},
	url = {http://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/u2968921},
	author = {Anderson, Jon and Dale F. Eickelman}
}
@booklet {page_pagerank_1999,
	title = {The {PageRank} Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web},
	year = {1999},
	abstract = {<p>The importance of a Web page is an inherently subjective matter, which depends on the readers interests, knowledge and attitudes. But there is still much that can be said objectively about the relative importance of Web pages. This paper describes {PageRank}, a method for rating Web pages objectively and mechanically, effectively measuring the human interest and attention devoted to them. We compare {PageRank} to an idealized random Web surfer. We show how to efficiently compute {PageRank} for large numbers of pages. And, we show how to apply {PageRank} to search and to user navigation.</p>
},
	keywords = {google, pagerank},
	author = {Page, Lawrence and Brin, Sergey and Motwani, Rajeev and Winograd, Terry}
}
@article {137,
	title = {Netizens: On the history and impact of Usenet and the Internet},
	journal = {First Monday},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1998},
	author = {Hauben, Michael and Hauben, Ronda}
}
@booklet {276,
	title = {A {Place} {Called} {Chiapas}},
	year = {1998},
	abstract = {<p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">"It{\textquoteright}s far from polished, but as always a documentary camera in sympathetic hands can capture unexpected and vital truths about a tough political situation. In this case, although the Zapatista commandants themselves are a fairly sympathetic lot, their dreams of revolution are being fought by the far more moving 2,000 (now more) very poor, powerless and uncertain people in the northern part of Chiapas -- people who have no guns and very little voice. If it did nothing else, the film awakened me to that part of the problem. Marcos comes off as something of a poseur, but since he has been there twelve years you want to have faith that he and his anonymous comrades will prove to be the heroes the indigenous people need." From <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0145394/" target="_blank">IMDB</a>.</span></p>
},
	keywords = {Chiapas, Zapatistas},
	author = {Wild, Nettie}
}
@article {136,
	title = {Cyberdemocracy: Internet and the public sphere},
	journal = {Internet culture},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {201{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {public sphere},
	author = {Poster, Mark}
}
@conference {anderson_cybernauts_1997,
	title = {Cybernauts of the Arab Diaspora},
	year = {1997},
	note = {10-12 April 1997},
	address = {University of Maryland},
	url = {http://www.naba.org.uk/CONTENT/articles/Diaspora/cybernauts_of_the_arab_diaspora.htm},
	author = {Anderson, Jon}
}
@article {froehling_cyberspace_1997,
	title = {The Cyberspace {\textquotedblleft}war of Ink and Internet{\textquotedblright} in Chiapas, Mexico},
	journal = {Geographical Review},
	volume = {87},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {291{\textendash}307},
	abstract = {<p>{ABSTRACT}. The Chiapas uprising of 1994 rallied an international community of supporters, largely organized through activities on the Internet, that provided an example of the possibilities and limitations of the Net as a tool for social movements. This article models the Internet as a form of rhizome: an intermediate and contested social space composed of flows that transcend boundaries and forge new connections between events and places. The success of Internet organizing in southern Mexico is due to the constant and reciprocal connections between cyberspace and other social spaces, which avoided the restriction of events to a contained space and scale.</p>
},
	keywords = {cyberspace, geography, internet, Mexico, social movements, Zapatistas},
	issn = {1931-0846},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1931-0846.1997.tb00076.x},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1931-0846.1997.tb00076.x/abstract},
	author = {Froehling, Oliver}
}
@article {whitaker_ethnography_1996,
	title = {Ethnography as Learning: A Wittgensteinian Approach to Writing Ethnographic Accounts},
	journal = {Anthropological Quarterly},
	volume = {69},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Full publication date: Jan., 1996 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 1996 The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research},
	month = {jan},
	pages = {1{\textendash}13},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Powerful critiques of anthropology over the last twenty years have sometimes questioned whether ethnography should continue as a central practice for cultural anthropology. Epistemologically, ethnography has made claims to objectivity that ring hollow upon close examination. Politically, ethnography has often presumed a definitional authority that recreates power dynamics that recall anthropology{\textquoteright}s colonial past. Indeed, some critics have suggested that ethnographic representation is inherently violent. This article, while admitting much justice to these critiques, argues the necessity of preserving the centrality of ethnography within anthropology. It suggests that ethnography should be approached contingently, as a form of learning, rather than absolutely, as a form of representation. It is inspired by the later philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the ethnography of violence per se.},
	keywords = {ethnography, Journalism, Language, Tamil},
	issn = {0003-5491},
	doi = {10.2307/3317135},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3317135},
	author = {Whitaker, Mark P.}
}
@article {nelson_maya_1996,
	title = {Maya Hackers and the Cyberspatialized Nation-State: Modernity, Ethnostalgia, and a Lizard Queen in Guatemala},
	journal = {Cultural Anthropology},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {287{\textendash}308},
	keywords = {cyberpace, hacker, Maya, nationalism, resistance, revival, technology},
	issn = {08867356},
	doi = {10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00010},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1525/can.1996.11.3.02a00010},
	author = {Nelson, Diane M}
}
@article {anderson_cybarites_1995,
	title = {{\textquoteright}Cybarites{\textquoteright}, Knowledge Workers and New Creoles on the Superhighway},
	journal = {Anthropology Today},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {13{\textendash}15},
	keywords = {communities, creoles, diaspora, internet, labor, Middle East, nationalism},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2783107},
	author = {Anderson, Jon}
}
@article {hayles_materiality_1993,
	title = {The materiality of informatics},
	journal = {Configurations},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {147{\textendash}170},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/configurations/v001/1.1hayles.html},
	author = {Hayles, N. Katherine}
}
@book {anderson_imagined_1991,
	title = {Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Verso},
	organization = {Verso},
	keywords = {anthropology, community, history, Memory, nationalism},
	isbn = {9780860915461},
	author = {Anderson, Benedict R. O{\textquoteright}G.}
}
@booklet {adams_hyperland_1990,
	title = {Clone of Hyperland},
	year = {1990},
	note = {00000},
	abstract = {<p>In this one-hour documentary produced by the {BBC} in 1990, Douglas falls asleep in front of a television and dreams about future time when he may be allowed to play a more active role in the information he chooses to digest. A software agent, Tom (played by Tom Baker), guides Douglas around a multimedia information landscape, examining (then) cuttting-edge research by the {SF} Multimedia Lab and {NASA} Ames research center, and encountering hypermedia visionaries such as Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson. Looking back now, it{\textquoteright}s interesting to see how much he got right and how much he didn{\textquoteright}t: these days, no one{\textquoteright}s heard of the {SF} Multimedia Lab, and his super-high-tech portrayal of {VR} in 2005 could be outdone by a modern {PC} with a 3D card. However, these are just minor niggles when you consider how much more popular the technologies in question have become than anyone could have predicted - for while Douglas was creating Hyperland, a student at {CERN} in Switzerland was working on a little hypertext project he called the World Wide Web... http://www.douglasadams.com/creations/hype.html</p>
},
	keywords = {1990, 3D, documentary, Douglas Adams, hyperlink, hypertext, internet, software, Switzerland, Tom Baker, world wide web, {CERN}, {PC}},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/DouglasAdams-Hyperland},
	author = {Adams, Douglas}
}
@booklet {adams_hyperland_1990,
	title = {Hyperland},
	year = {1990},
	note = {00000},
	abstract = {<p>In this one-hour documentary produced by the {BBC} in 1990, Douglas falls asleep in front of a television and dreams about future time when he may be allowed to play a more active role in the information he chooses to digest. A software agent, Tom (played by Tom Baker), guides Douglas around a multimedia information landscape, examining (then) cuttting-edge research by the {SF} Multimedia Lab and {NASA} Ames research center, and encountering hypermedia visionaries such as Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson. Looking back now, it{\textquoteright}s interesting to see how much he got right and how much he didn{\textquoteright}t: these days, no one{\textquoteright}s heard of the {SF} Multimedia Lab, and his super-high-tech portrayal of {VR} in 2005 could be outdone by a modern {PC} with a 3D card. However, these are just minor niggles when you consider how much more popular the technologies in question have become than anyone could have predicted - for while Douglas was creating Hyperland, a student at {CERN} in Switzerland was working on a little hypertext project he called the World Wide Web... http://www.douglasadams.com/creations/hype.html</p>
},
	keywords = {1990, 3D, documentary, Douglas Adams, hyperlink, hypertext, internet, software, Switzerland, Tom Baker, world wide web, {CERN}, {PC}},
	url = {http://archive.org/details/DouglasAdams-Hyperland},
	author = {Adams, Douglas}
}
@booklet {berners-lee_worldwideweb:_1990,
	title = {{WorldWideWeb}: Proposal for a {HyperText} Project},
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {hypertext, web},
	url = {http://www.w3.org/Proposal},
	author = {Berners-Lee, Tim}
}
@booklet {berners-lee_information_1989,
	title = {Information Management: A Proposal},
	year = {1989},
	url = {http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html},
	author = {Berners-Lee, Tim}
}
@article {170,
	title = {WELL Party 1989},
	year = {1989},
	publisher = {YouTube},
	author = {Rheingold, H.}
}
@article {nelson_dream_1974,
	title = {Dream Machines: New Freedoms Through Computer Screens{\textendash}A Minority Report},
	year = {1974},
	author = {Nelson, T. H}
}
@article {habermas_public_1974,
	title = {The Public Sphere},
	journal = {New German Critique},
	number = {3},
	year = {1974},
	note = {{ArticleType}: research-article / Full publication date: Autumn, 1974 / Copyright {\textcopyright} 1974 New German Critique},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {49{\textendash}55},
	issn = {0094-033X},
	doi = {10.2307/487737},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/487737},
	author = {Habermas, J{\"u}rgen and Lennox, Sara and Lennox, Frank}
}
@article {turner_center_1973,
	title = {The Center out There: Pilgrim{\textquoteright}s Goal},
	journal = {History of Religions},
	volume = {12},
	number = {3},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {191{\textendash}230},
	issn = {0018-2710},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062024},
	author = {Turner, Victor}
}
@conference {nelson_conceptual_1973,
	title = {A conceptual framework for man-machine everything},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the June 4-8, 1973, national computer conference and exposition},
	series = {{AFIPS} {\textquoteright}73},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {m21{\textendash}m26},
	publisher = {{ACM}},
	organization = {{ACM}},
	address = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
	abstract = {This paper is not about everything between man and machine, but about man-machine everything, that is, the desirable future condition where most of our information and tasks are attractively and comprehensibly united through man-mechanisms. The breadth of possibilities is mind-boggling, but it does not seem to be clear to people yet that they are possibilities for the choosing, rather than eventualities to be engineered. The myth of technical determinism seems to hold captive both the public and the computer priesthood. Indeed, the myth is believed both by people who love, and by people who hate, computers. This myth, never questioned because never stated, holds that whatever is to come in the computer field is somehow preordained by technical necessity or some form of scientific correctness. This is cybercrud.},
	doi = {10.1145/1499586.1499776},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1499586.1499776},
	author = {Nelson, Theodor H.}
}
@article {143,
	title = {Computer Networks: The Heralds Of Resource Sharing},
	year = {1972},
	publisher = {Internet Archive},
	abstract = {<div>
<div>Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing is a documentary film from 1972, produced by Steven King and directed/edited by Peter Chvany, about ARPANET. It features many of the most important names in computer networking\&nbsp;(<a class="fl q _KCd" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharing">Wikipedia</a>).</div>
</div>
},
	url = {https://archive.org/details/ComputerNetworks_TheHeraldsOfResourceSharing},
	author = {Peter Chvany and Steven King and Peter Chvany}
}
@article {150,
	title = {The Cybernetics of {\textquoteright}Self{\textquoteright}: A Theory of Alcoholism},
	journal = {Psychiatry},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1971},
	pages = {1{\textendash}18},
	keywords = {Transduction},
	url = {http://ift-malta.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-cybernetics-of-self-A-theory-of-alcoholism.pdf},
	author = {Bateson, Gregory}
}
@article {licklider_computer_1968,
	title = {The Computer as a Communication Device},
	journal = {Science and technology},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	year = {1968},
	pages = {1{\textendash}3},
	url = {http://www.cc.utexas.edu/ogs/alumni/events/taylor/licklider-taylor.pdf},
	author = {Licklider, Joseph CR and Taylor, Robert W.}
}
@inbook {nelson_file_1965,
	title = {A File Structure for the Complex, The Changing, And the Indeterminate},
	year = {1965},
	url = {http://www.scribd.com/doc/454074/A-File-Structure-for-the-Complex-The-Changing-And-the-Indeterminate},
	author = {Nelson, Theodore H}
}
@article {baran_distributed_1964,
	title = {On Distributed Communications Networks},
	journal = {Communications Systems, {IEEE} Transactions on},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {1964},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	abstract = {<p>This paper briefly reviews the distributed communication network concept in which each station is connected to all adjacent stations rather than to a few switching points, as in a centralized system. The payoff for a distributed configuration in terms of survivability in the cases of enemy attack directed against nodes, links or combinations of nodes and links is demonstrated. A comparison is made between diversity of assignment and perfect switching in distributed networks, and the feasibility of using low-cost unreliable communication links, even links so unreliable as to be unusable in present type networks, to form highly reliable networks is discussed. The requirements for a future all-digital data distributed network which provides common user service for a wide range of users having different requirements is considered. The use of a standard format message block permits building relatively simple switching mechanisms using an adaptive store-and-forward routing policy to handle all forms of digital data including digital voice. This network rapidly responds to changes in the network status. Recent history of measured network traffic is used to modify path selection. Simulation results are shown to indicate that highly efficient routing can be performed by local control without the necessity for any central, and therefore vulnerable, control point.</p>
},
	keywords = {internet, network, rhizome},
	issn = {0096-1965},
	doi = {10.1109/TCOM.1964.1088883},
	author = {Baran, P.}
}
@conference {mccarthy_time-sharing_1963,
	title = {A Time-Sharing Debugging System for a Small Computer},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the May 21-23, 1963, spring joint computer conference},
	series = {{AFIPS} {\textquoteright}63 (Spring)},
	year = {1963},
	pages = {51{\textendash}57},
	publisher = {{ACM}},
	organization = {{ACM}},
	address = {New York, {NY}, {USA}},
	abstract = {The purpose of the {BBN} time-sharing system is to increase the effectiveness of the {PDP}-1 computer for those applications involving manmachine interaction by allowing each of the five users, each at his own typewriter to interact with the computer just as if he had a computer all to himself. The effectiveness of this interaction is further enhanced by the use of the {TYC} language for controlling the operation and modification of programs.},
	doi = {10.1145/1461551.1461559},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1461551.1461559},
	author = {McCarthy, J. and Boilen, S. and Fredkin, E. and Licklider, J. C. R.}
}
@conference {licklider_-line_1962,
	title = {On-line man-computer communication},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the May 1-3, 1962, spring joint computer conference},
	year = {1962},
	pages = {113{\textendash}128},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460847},
	author = {Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett and Clark, Welden E.}
}
@article {licklider_man-computer_1960,
	title = {Man-Computer Symbiosis},
	journal = {{IRE} Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics},
	volume = {{HFE}-1},
	number = {1},
	year = {1960},
	pages = {4{\textendash}11},
	abstract = {Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.},
	keywords = {Computer languages, Helium, Humans, Insects, Organisms, Performance analysis, Performance evaluation, Symbiosis, Tiles, Time sharing computer systems},
	issn = {0099-4561},
	doi = {10.1109/THFE2.1960.4503259},
	author = {Licklider, J. C R}
}
@book {tonnies_community_1965,
	title = {Community and Society},
	year = {1957},
	publisher = {The Michigan State University Press},
	organization = {The Michigan State University Press},
	address = {East Lansing, MI},
	abstract = {The German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936) was a major contributor to theory and field studies in sociology. He is best remembered for his distinction between two basic types of social groups. Tonnies argued that there are two basic forms of human will: the essential will, which is the underlying, organic, or instinctive driving force; and arbitrary will, which is deliberative, purposive, and future (goal) oriented. Groups that form around essential will, in which membership is self-fulfilling, Tonnie scalled _Gemeinschaft_ (often translated as "community"). Groups in which membership was sustained by some instrumental goal or definite end he termed _Gesellschaft_ (often translated as "society"). _Gemeinschaft_ was exemplified by the family or neighborhood; _Gesellschaft_, by the city or the state.},
	keywords = {community, sociology, will},
	url = {http://wiki.dickinson.edu/index.php/Tonnies1887},
	author = {Tonnies, Ferdinand and Loomis, Charles P.}
}
@inbook {wiener_organization_1950,
	title = {Organization of the Message},
	booktitle = {The Human Use of Human Beings},
	year = {1950},
	note = {00000},
	author = {Wiener, Norbet}
}
@article {shannon_mathematical_1948,
	title = {A Mathematical Theory of Communication},
	journal = {Bell Systems Technical Journal},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1948},
	pages = {379{\textendash}423 and 623{\textendash}656},
	keywords = {communication, engineering, entropy, information, information theory},
	url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=584093},
	author = {Shannon, C. E}
}